Home Metabolism Retinoid Receptor agonist Retinoic acid (Tretinoin, Vitamin A acid)

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Retinoic acid (Tretinoin, Vitamin A acid) RAR agonist

Cat.No.S1653

Retinoic acid (Tretinoin, Vitamin A acid) is a ligand for both the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and the retinoid X receptor (RXR), and can induce granulocytic differentiation and apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) cells. Tretinoin (NSC 122758) can be used to induce animal models of osteoporosis.
Retinoic acid (Tretinoin, Vitamin A acid) Retinoid Receptor agonist Chemical Structure

Chemical Structure

Molecular Weight: 300.4

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Quality Control

Batch: Purity: 99.91%
99.91

Cell Culture, Treatment & Working Concentration

Cell Lines Assay Type Concentration Incubation Time Formulation Activity Description PMID
human breast cancer cell SK-BR-3 Proliferation assay Inhibition of ER-negative human breast cancer cell SK-BR-3 proliferation, IC50=0.0017 μM 12372520
T-47D cells Proliferation assay Inhibition of ER positive human breast cancer cell T-47D proliferation, IC50=0.2 μM 12372520
F9 Function assay Ability to displace 3 uM retinoid and [3H]all-trans-retinoic acid in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells using F9 Plasminogen Activator releasing assay, ED50=0.0001μM 2738885
F9 Function assay Ability to displace [3H]all-trans-retinoic acid from F9 embryonal carcinoma cells, was assessed in a F9 laminin release assay, ED50=0.0015μM 2738885
ASK Function assay 1 hr Induction of morphological transformation of rat ASK cells into astrocytes after 1 hr by light microscopy, ED50=10μM 2849641
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma, EC50=0.0007μM 7490725
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta, EC50=0.001μM 7490725
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha, EC50=0.007μM 7490725
HL-60 cdm-1 Function assay Transglutaminase activity in HL-60 cdm-1 cells, EC50=0.005μM 7636843
mouse embryo limb bud cells Function assay In vitro inhibition of chondrogenesis in mouse embryo limb bud cells, IC50=0.031μM 7636843
leukemia cells Function assay The concentration required to inhibit the binding of [3H]ATRA to retinoic acid receptor in human promyelocytic leukemia cells, IC50=0.00063μM 7636879
CV-1 Function assay Binding affinity against retinoic Acid gamma receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells, EC50=0.01μM 8308867
CV-1 Function assay Binding affinity against retinoic Acid beta receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells, EC50=0.08μM 8308867
CV-1 Function assay Binding affinity against retinoic Acid alpha receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells, EC50=0.35μM 8308867
CV-1 Function assay Binding affinity against retinoic Acid X alpha receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells, EC50=0.9μM 8308867
CV-1 Function assay Binding affinity against retinoic Acid X gamma receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells, EC50=1.1μM 8308867
CV-1 Function assay Binding affinity against retinoic Acid X beta receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells, EC50=1.4μM 8308867
F9 Function assay In vitro promotion of plasminogen activator secretion from F9 (murine teratocarcinoma) cells, AC50=0.2μM 8544175
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma, EC50=0.033μM 8709094
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta, EC50=0.105μM 8709094
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha, EC50=0.563μM 8709094
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoid X receptor RXR alpha, EC50=1.084μM 8709094
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoid X receptor RXR gamma, EC50=1.225μM 8709094
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoid X receptor RXR beta, EC50=1.394μM 8709094
HL-60 Function assay Induction of transglutaminase (TGase) activity in HL-60 cells, EC50=0.005μM 8784454
embryonic limb bud cells Function assay Inhibition of Chondrogenesis in day 11 embryonic limb bud cells, IC50=0.031μM 8784454
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma, EC50=0.02μM 8978832
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta, EC50=0.087μM 8978832
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha, EC50=0.459μM 8978832
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing retinoid A receptor RAR beta, EC50=0.002μM 9572893
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing retinoid X receptor RXR gamma, EC50=0.006μM 9572893
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing retinoid A receptor RAR alpha, EC50=0.022μM 9572893
HL-60 Function assay Induction of HL-60 cells differentiation over 4 days, ED50=0.12μM 9572893
HL-60 Cytostatic assay Cytostatic activity against HL-60 cells, IC50=11μM 10585206
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing RAR gamma receptor, EC30=0.00022μM 10762038
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing RAR beta receptor, EC30=0.00093μM 10762038
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing RAR alpha receptor, EC30=0.00099μM 10762038
CV-1 Function assay Relative transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing RAR alpha receptor compared to ATRA, Relative EC30=0.001μM 10762038
CV-1 Function assay Relative transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing RAR beta receptor compared to ATRA, Relative EC30=0.001μM 10762038
CV-1 Function assay Relative transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing RAR gamma receptor compared to ATRA, Relative EC30=0.001μM 10762038
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing RAR gamma receptor, EC30=0.00018μM 10762039
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing RAR beta receptor, EC30=0.00069μM 10762039
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing RAR alpha receptor, EC30=0.0011μM 10762039
COS Function assay Transcriptional activation in COS cells expressing RAR-gamma, Relative EC30=0.00026μM 10956201
COS Function assay Transcriptional activation in COS cells expressing RAR-beta, Relative EC30=0.0022μM 10956201
COS Function assay Transcriptional activation in COS cells expressing RAR-alpha, Relative EC30=0.0034μM 10956201
HL60 Function assay In vitro cytotoxicity against HL60 cells, IC50=11μM 11128648
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma, EC50=0.019μM 12482435
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta, EC50=0.078μM 12482435
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha, EC50=0.436μM 12482435
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing mouse Retinoid X receptor RXR gamma, EC50=0.961μM 12482435
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoid X receptor RXR-alpha, EC50=1.015μM 12482435
CV-1 Function assay Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing mouse Retinoid X receptor RXR beta, EC50=1.211μM 12482435
T47D Growth inhibition assay 6 days Growth inhibition of human T47D cells after 6 days by MTT assay, IC50=0.006μM 15615521
MCF7 Growth inhibition assay 6 days Growth inhibition of human MCF7 cells after 6 days by MTT assay, IC50=0.58μM 15615521
MCF7 Antiproliferative assay Antiproliferative effect against human MCF7 cells, IC50=0.5845μM 15615521
PC3 Growth inhibition assay 6 days Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells after 6 days by MTT assay, IC50=2μM 15615521
LNCaP Growth inhibition assay 6 days Growth inhibition of human LNCaP cells after 6 days by MTT assay, IC50=10μM 15615521
F9 Function assay 3 days Induction of terminal differentiation in mouse F9 cells assessed by measuring secreted plasminogen activator activity after 3 days, IC50=0.0001μM 17489579
Raji Function assay 48 hrs Inhibition of TPA-induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation in Raji cells after 48 hrs, IC50=0.0154μM 17503850
HaCaT Function assay Increase in transcriptional activity of RARalpha receptor epressed in human HaCaT cells co-transfected with DR5-tk-CAT reporter plasmid assessed as beta-galactosidase activity by CAT-ELISA 18511283
PC3 Growth inhibition assay 5 days Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells after 5 days by MTT assay, GI50=7.6μM 18543902
MDA-MB-231 Growth inhibition assay 5 days Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-231 cells after 5 days by MTT assay, GI50=10.85μM 18543902
COS7 Function assay 16 hrs Activity at human RARgamma ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay, EC50=0.0002μM 19058965
COS7 Function assay 16 hrs Activity at human RARbeta ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay, EC50=0.012μM 19058965
COS7 Function assay 16 hrs Activity at human RARalpha ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay, EC50=0.017μM 19058965
NIH3T3 Function assay Agonist activity at RARbeta2 expressed in mouse NIH3T3 cells by R-SAT assay, EC50=0.00631μM 19239230
NIH3T3 Function assay Activity at RARalpha expressed in mouse NIH3T3 cells by R-SAT assay, EC50=0.00631μM 19239230
NIH3T3 Function assay Activity at RARbeta1 expressed in mouse NIH3T3 cells by R-SAT assay, EC50=0.02512μM 19239230
NIH3T3 Function assay Activity at RARgamma expressed in mouse NIH3T3 cells by R-SAT assay, EC50=0.05012μM 19239230
LNCAP Antiproliferative assay 48 hrs Antiproliferative activity against human LNCAP cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay, IC50=0.5μM 19375825
LNCAP Antiproliferative assay 10 uM 48 hrs Antiproliferative activity against human LNCAP cells assessed as maximal effect at 10 uM after 48 hrs by MTT assay 19375825
SK-N-SH Function assay 2 to 5 uM 48 hrs Induction of neurite outgrowth in human SK-N-SH cells at 2 to 5 uM after 48 hrs by crystal violet staining 19821610
SH-SY5Y Function assay 2 to 5 uM 48 hrs Induction of neurite outgrowth in human SH-SY5Y cells at 2 to 5 uM after 48 hrs by crystal violet staining 19821610
Neuro2a Function assay 2 to 5 uM 48 hrs Induction of neurite outgrowth in mouse Neuro2a cells at 2 to 5 uM after 48 hrs by crystal violet staining 19821610
U87 Function assay 2 to 5 uM 48 hrs Induction of neurite outgrowth in human U87 cells at 2 to 5 uM after 48 hrs by crystal violet staining 19821610
P19 Function assay 2 to 5 uM 48 hrs Induction of neurite outgrowth in mouse P19 cells at 2 to 5 uM after 48 hrs by crystal violet staining 19821610
HT-29 Cytotoxicity assay 48 hrs Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay, IC50=4.3μM 20405849
MT3 Cytotoxicity assay 48 hrs Cytotoxicity against human MT3 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay, IC50=14μM 20405849
COLO205 Cytotoxicity assay 48 hrs Cytotoxicity against human COLO205 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay, IC50=37μM 20405849
NB4 Cell cycle assay 1 uM 24 hrs Cell cycle arrest in human NB4 cells assessed as increase in accumulation at pre-G1 phase at 1 uM after 24 hrs by FACS analysis 20491440
HEK293T Function assay 45 mins Inhibition of mouse Ido2 transfected in HEK293T cells using L-tryptophan as substrate assessed as kynurenine formation after 45 mins by spectrophotometric analysis, IC50=28.7μM 23122865
SH-SY5Y Function assay 10 uM 6 days Induction of cell differentiation in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as neural-like differentiation at 10 uM after 6 days using beta3-tubulin and NF200 staining by microscopic analysis 24262378
BL-21 (BL3) Function assay Inverse agonist activity at human RoRc-LBD fusion protein with GST expressed in BL-21 (BL3) cells assessed as SRC1 coactivator peptide recruitment, EC50=18μM 24502334
F9 Function assay 0.01 uM 48 hrs Activation of RAR in mouse F9 cells assessed as increase in CYP26A1 mRNA level at 0.01 uM after 48 hrs by RT-PCR analysis 24799257
HL60 Function assay 1 uM 4 days Induction of RAR-mediated differentiation of human HL60 cells at 1 uM after 4 days by NBT assay 24799257
MDA-MB-231 Growth inhibition assay Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-231 cells by MTT assay, GI50=14.12μM 25634130
MDA-MB-468 Growth inhibition assay Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-468 cells by MTT assay, GI50=14.12μM 25634130
SKBR3 Growth inhibition assay Growth inhibition of human SKBR3 cells by MTT assay, GI50=22.9μM 25634130
CWR22Rv1 Growth inhibition assay Growth inhibition of human CWR22Rv1 cells by MTT assay, GI50=25.11μM 25634130
PC3 Growth inhibition assay Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells by MTT assay, GI50=36.3μM 25634130
LNCAP Growth inhibition assay Growth inhibition of human LNCAP cells by MTT assay, GI50=47.86μM 25634130
HL60 Function assay 0.1 uM 72 hrs Induction of CYP26A1 expression in human HL60 cells at 0.1 uM after 72 hrs 25684424
T47D Cytotoxicity assay 48 hrs Cytotoxicity against human T47D cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay, GI50=0.82μM 25701251
MDA-MB-453 Cytotoxicity assay 48 hrs Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-453 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay, GI50=9.51μM 25701251
LNCAP Cytotoxicity assay 48 hrs Cytotoxicity against human LNCAP cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay, GI50=10.33μM 25701251
DU145 Cytotoxicity assay 48 hrs Cytotoxicity against human DU145 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay, GI50=11.64μM 25701251
MCF7 Cytotoxicity assay 48 hrs Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay, GI50=12.39μM 25701251
PC3 Cytotoxicity assay 48 hrs Cytotoxicity against human PC3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay, GI50=12.64μM 25701251
HEK293 Function assay 0.01 to 0.1 uM 48 hrs Agonist activity at RARalpha (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as transcriptional activation at 0.01 to 0.1 uM after 48 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay 25838141
NB4 Antiproliferative assay 1 uM 96 hrs Antiproliferative activity against human NB4 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability at 1 uM after 96 hrs by trypan blue exclusion test 26005022
HL60 Function assay 0.1 to 10 uM 3 days Induction of cell differentiation in human HL60 cells at 0.1 to 10 uM measured after 3 days by NBT/MTT assay 26832215
HL60 Function assay 0.1 to 10 uM 5 days Induction of cell differentiation in human HL60 cells at 0.1 to 10 uM measured after 5 days by NBT/MTT assay 26832215
SH-SY5Y Function assay 10 uM 10 days Induction of neuronal differentiation in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as extensive neurites formation at 10 uM followed by culture medium replacement for every three days for 10 days by inverted-phase microscopic analysis 28863358
SH-SY5Y Function assay 10 uM Induction of neuronal differentiation in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as decrease in cell proliferation at 10 uM followed by culture medium replacement for every three days for 10 days by inverted-phase microscopic analysis 28863358
SK-N-AS Cell cycle assay 4 uM up to 72 hrs Cell cycle arrest in human SK-N-AS cells at 4 uM up to 72 hrs by propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry 28927789
SK-N-AS Cell cycle assay 4 uM 24 hrs Cell cycle arrest in human SK-N-AS cells assessed as accumulation at sub-G1 phase at 4 uM after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry 28927789
COS-7 Function assay 1 day Transactivation of mouse Gal4-fused RARgamma-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 1 day by bright-Glo reagent based assay, EC50=0.00022μM 29288071
COS-7 Function assay 1 day Transactivation of mouse Gal4-fused RARbeta-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 1 day by bright-Glo reagent based assay, EC50=0.00052μM 29288071
HEK293T Function assay 16 to 24 hrs Transactivation of human Gal4-DBD-fused RARalpha-LBD expressed in HEK293T cells after 16 to 24 hrs by FRET based beta-lactamase reporter gene assay, EC50=0.00101μM 29288071
COS-7 Function assay 1 day Transactivation of mouse Gal4-fused RARalpha-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 1 day by bright-Glo reagent based assay, EC50=0.00151μM 29288071
OHS-50 qHTS assay qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells 29435139
TERA2.cl.SP12 Function assay 10 uM 7 days Induction of neuronal differentiation in human TERA2.cl.SP12 cells assessed as effect on SSEA3 expression at 10 uM after 7 days by flow cytometric analysis 29439915
TERA2.cl.SP12 Function assay 10 uM 7 days Induction of neuronal differentiation in human TERA2.cl.SP12 cells assessed as effect on TRA160 expression at 10 uM after 7 days by flow cytometric analysis 29439915
TERA2.cl.SP12 Function assay 10 uM 7 days Induction of neuronal differentiation in human TERA2.cl.SP12 cells assessed as effect on A2B5 expression at 10 uM after 7 days by flow cytometric analysis 29439915
TERA2.cl.SP12 Function assay 10 uM 7 days Induction of neuronal differentiation in human TERA2.cl.SP12 cells assessed as increase in A2B5 expression at 10 uM measured after 7 days by immunofluorescence method 29439915
TERA2.cl.SP12 Function assay 10 uM Induction of neuronal differentiation in human TERA2.cl.SP12 cells assessed as increase in TUJ1 expression at 10 uM measured up to 3 weeks by immunofluorescence method 29439915
SH-SY5Y Function assay 10 uM 4 to 12 hrs Induction of neuronal differentiation in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as increase in RARbeta mRNA expression at 10 uM measured after 4 to 12 hrs by RT-PCR analysis 29439915
SH-SY5Y Function assay 10 uM 4 to 12 hrs Transactivation of RARbeta in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as increase in CYP26A1 mRNA expression at 10 uM measured after 4 to 12 hrs by RT-PCR analysis 29439915
SH-SY5Y Function assay 0.001 to 1 uM 8 hrs Induction of neuronal differentiation in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as increase in RARbeta mRNA expression at 0.001 to 1 uM measured after 8 hrs by RT-PCR analysis 29439915
SH-SY5Y Function assay 0.001 to 1 uM 8 hrs Transactivation of RARbeta in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as increase in CYP26A1 mRNA expression at 0.001 to 1 uM measured after 8 hrs by RT-PCR analysis 29439915
COS-7 Function assay 24 hrs Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARgamma-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay, EC50=0.0006μM 30792038
COS-7 Function assay 24 hrs Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARalpha-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay, EC50=0.0012μM 30792038
COS-7 Function assay 24 hrs Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARbeta-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay, EC50=0.0012μM 30792038
HL60 Function assay 10 to 30 uM 6 days Induction of granulocytic differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as increase in CD11b-APC-Cy7 positive cells at 10 to 30 uM after 6 days by flow cytometry analysis 30925338
HL60 Antiproliferative assay 1 to 30 uM 3 days Antiproliferative activity against human HL60 cells assessed as reduction in viability at 1 to 30 uM after 3 days by SRB assay 30925338
NB4 Antiproliferative assay 1 to 30 uM 3 days Antiproliferative activity against human NB4 cells assessed as reduction in viability at 1 to 30 uM after 3 days by SRB assay 30925338
HL60 Function assay 30 uM 72 hrs Inhibition of colony formation in human HL60 cells at 30 uM preincubated for 72 hrs followed by compound washout and measured after 7 to 10 days 30925338
NB4 Function assay 30 uM 72 hrs Inhibition of colony formation in human NB4 cells at 30 uM preincubated for 72 hrs followed by compound washout and measured after 7 to 10 days 30925338
NB4 Function assay 10 to 30 uM 6 days Induction of granulocytic differentiation in human NB4 cells assessed as increase in CD11b-APC-Cy7 positive cells at 10 to 30 uM after 6 days by flow cytometry analysis 30925338
HL60 Function assay 10 to 30 uM 6 days Induction of granulocytic differentiation in human HL60 granulocytic assessed as increase in CD11c-APC positive cells at 10 to 30 uM after 6 days by flow cytometry analysis 30925338
NB4 Function assay 10 to 30 uM 6 days Induction of granulocytic differentiation in human NB4 cells assessed as increase in CD11c-APC positive cells at 10 to 30 uM after 6 days by flow cytometry analysis 30925338
HL60 Function assay 10 to 30 uM 6 days Induction of granulocytic differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as increase in CD14-FITC positive cells at 10 to 30 uM after 6 days by flow cytometry analysis 30925338
NB4 Function assay 10 to 30 uM 6 days Induction of granulocytic differentiation in human NB4 cells assessed as increase in CD14 positive cells at 10 to 30 uM after 6 days by FITC staining based flow cytometry analysis 30925338
SH-SY5Y Function assay 10 uM 24 hrs Induction of neurogenesis in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as upregulation of GAP43 mRNA at 10 uM incubated for 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis 30996781
SH-SY5Y Function assay 10 uM 24 hrs Induction of neurogenesis in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as upregulation of N-myc mRNA at 10 uM incubated for 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis 30996781
SH-SY5Y Function assay 10 uM 24 hrs Induction of neurogenesis in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as upregulation of MAP-2 mRNA at 10 uM incubated for 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis 30996781
SH-SY5Y Function assay 10 uM 72 hrs Induction of neurogenesis in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as stimulation of neurite outgrowth at 10 uM incubated for 72 hrs by phase contrast microscopic analysis 30996781
HL60 Function assay 2 uM 48 hrs Induction of differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as increase in CD11b positive cells at 2 uM incubated for 48 hrs by 7-AAD staining-based flow cytometric analysis 31408809
CV-1 Function assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor gamma using transactivation assay, EC50=0.0007μM ChEMBL
CV-1 Function assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor beta using transactivation assay, EC50=0.001μM ChEMBL
CV-1 Function assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor alpha using transactivation assay, EC50=0.007μM ChEMBL
F9 Function assay Cellular activity on the differentiation was quantified by measure of plasminogen activator in mouse embryonal teratocarcinoma F9 cells, AC50=0.2μM ChEMBL
CV-1 Function assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor alpha using transactivation assay, EC50=0.9μM ChEMBL
CV-1 Function assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor gamma using transactivation assay, EC50=1.1μM ChEMBL
CV-1 Function assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor beta using transactivation assay, EC50=1.4μM ChEMBL
MV-4-11 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human MV-4-11 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=0.02099μM SANGER
ATN-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human ATN-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=0.0303μM SANGER
MC-IXC Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human MC-IXC cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=0.15436μM SANGER
HH Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human HH cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=0.19554μM SANGER
NB13 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NB13 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=0.25664μM SANGER
D-283MED Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human D-283MED cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=0.28262μM SANGER
HL-60 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human HL-60 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=0.28491μM SANGER
EW-3 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human EW-3 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=0.48028μM SANGER
KU812 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human KU812 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=0.53609μM SANGER
SK-NEP-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human SK-NEP-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=0.66231μM SANGER
HCC1806 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human HCC1806 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=0.72929μM SANGER
HuO-3N1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human HuO-3N1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=0.8316μM SANGER
CTV-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human CTV-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=0.96282μM SANGER
RPMI-8226 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human RPMI-8226 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=0.99334μM SANGER
LAMA-84 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human LAMA-84 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=0.99635μM SANGER
NCI-H720 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NCI-H720 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=1.02621μM SANGER
MOLT-13 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human MOLT-13 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=1.145μM SANGER
JVM-2 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human JVM-2 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=1.17316μM SANGER
NBsusSR Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NBsusSR cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=1.44987μM SANGER
BV-173 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human BV-173 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=1.59626μM SANGER
CTB-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human CTB-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=1.60389μM SANGER
ACN Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human ACN cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=1.64999μM SANGER
L-363 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human L-363 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=2.06964μM SANGER
NCI-H69 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NCI-H69 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=2.26561μM SANGER
ECC10 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human ECC10 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=2.38052μM SANGER
NCI-H209 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NCI-H209 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=2.52132μM SANGER
KARPAS-45 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human KARPAS-45 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=2.59581μM SANGER
COR-L88 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human COR-L88 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=3.85872μM SANGER
ML-2 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human ML-2 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=4.00439μM SANGER
U-266 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human U-266 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=4.11829μM SANGER
RS4-11 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human RS4-11 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=4.44737μM SANGER
DB Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human DB cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=4.76519μM SANGER
EM-2 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human EM-2 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=5.32811μM SANGER
KY821 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human KY821 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=5.70426μM SANGER
QIMR-WIL Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human QIMR-WIL cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=6.6155μM SANGER
KYSE-180 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human KYSE-180 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=6.7014μM SANGER
ALL-PO Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human ALL-PO cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=6.8745μM SANGER
NB14 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NB14 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=7.1271μM SANGER
BPH-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human BPH-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=7.43611μM SANGER
A3-KAW Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human A3-KAW cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=7.59637μM SANGER
EW-13 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human EW-13 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=7.61078μM SANGER
NCI-H526 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NCI-H526 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=7.68291μM SANGER
NKM-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NKM-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=8.41009μM SANGER
SCC-15 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human SCC-15 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=9.34762μM SANGER
MEG-01 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human MEG-01 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=9.61318μM SANGER
NCI-H1648 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NCI-H1648 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=9.73617μM SANGER
GP5d Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human GP5d cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=10.2637μM SANGER
HCC2218 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human HCC2218 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=10.3872μM SANGER
KE-37 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human KE-37 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=10.7515μM SANGER
CHP-212 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human CHP-212 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=10.8494μM SANGER
NOMO-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NOMO-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=11.9634μM SANGER
NCI-H292 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NCI-H292 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=12.2072μM SANGER
IGROV-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human IGROV-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=13.1381μM SANGER
MS-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human MS-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=14.5539μM SANGER
KMOE-2 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human KMOE-2 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=14.7887μM SANGER
HCC1419 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human HCC1419 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=15.2519μM SANGER
NCI-H1092 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NCI-H1092 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=15.2894μM SANGER
DEL Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human DEL cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=15.3728μM SANGER
P12-ICHIKAWA Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human P12-ICHIKAWA cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=16.493μM SANGER
NCI-H1770 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NCI-H1770 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=16.9058μM SANGER
NCI-H82 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NCI-H82 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=16.9221μM SANGER
COLO-684 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human COLO-684 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=16.9273μM SANGER
697 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human 697 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=17.899μM SANGER
HC-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human HC-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=18.4345μM SANGER
HSC-3 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human HSC-3 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=18.7211μM SANGER
ES3 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human ES3 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=18.8495μM SANGER
HuO9 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human HuO9 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=19.3158μM SANGER
ME-180 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human ME-180 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=19.8713μM SANGER
KG-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human KG-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=19.8775μM SANGER
OAW-28 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human OAW-28 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=20.3321μM SANGER
COLO-829 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human COLO-829 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=20.3353μM SANGER
SK-N-AS Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human SK-N-AS cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=20.4937μM SANGER
KNS-42 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human KNS-42 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=20.7488μM SANGER
SW13 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human SW13 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=21.4558μM SANGER
J-RT3-T3-5 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human J-RT3-T3-5 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=21.8087μM SANGER
KYSE-450 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human KYSE-450 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=21.8431μM SANGER
CHL-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human CHL-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=22.1242μM SANGER
CAKI-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human CAKI-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=22.169μM SANGER
UM-UC-3 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human UM-UC-3 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=22.677μM SANGER
JVM-3 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human JVM-3 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=22.9733μM SANGER
LB1047-RCC Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human LB1047-RCC cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=23.0132μM SANGER
LU-139 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human LU-139 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=23.2003μM SANGER
SK-MEL-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human SK-MEL-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=23.4999μM SANGER
SK-MEL-24 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human SK-MEL-24 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=26.0032μM SANGER
A4-Fuk Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human A4-Fuk cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=26.7218μM SANGER
CAMA-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human CAMA-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=28.0179μM SANGER
NCI-H1623 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NCI-H1623 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=28.1796μM SANGER
A673 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human A673 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=28.2446μM SANGER
A549 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human A549 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=29.046μM SANGER
Ramos-2G6-4C10 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human Ramos-2G6-4C10 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=29.9893μM SANGER
DOHH-2 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human DOHH-2 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=30.5389μM SANGER
CCRF-CEM Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human CCRF-CEM cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=31.6673μM SANGER
DoTc2-4510 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human DoTc2-4510 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=31.9219μM SANGER
A2780 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human A2780 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=32.5555μM SANGER
NTERA-S-cl-D1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NTERA-S-cl-D1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=32.8106μM SANGER
Mewo Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human Mewo cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=33.8446μM SANGER
BALL-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human BALL-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=34.0459μM SANGER
A204 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human A204 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=34.3531μM SANGER
KYSE-510 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human KYSE-510 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=34.5335μM SANGER
MSTO-211H Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human MSTO-211H cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=34.8177μM SANGER
SK-LU-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human SK-LU-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=34.8315μM SANGER
EGI-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human EGI-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=35.2918μM SANGER
SK-MEL-28 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human SK-MEL-28 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=35.3569μM SANGER
RH-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human RH-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=36.1915μM SANGER
LU-134-A Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human LU-134-A cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=36.6391μM SANGER
KS-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human KS-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=37.6794μM SANGER
GAMG Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human GAMG cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=37.8254μM SANGER
TE-5 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human TE-5 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=39.2767μM SANGER
P30-OHK Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human P30-OHK cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=39.6005μM SANGER
GOTO Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human GOTO cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=39.845μM SANGER
Calu-6 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human Calu-6 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=39.87μM SANGER
KYSE-410 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human KYSE-410 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=39.8734μM SANGER
CAL-72 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human CAL-72 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=39.8973μM SANGER
AM-38 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human AM-38 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=40.3084μM SANGER
BT-549 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human BT-549 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=40.4665μM SANGER
23132-87 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human 23132-87 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=40.541μM SANGER
SCC-4 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human SCC-4 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=40.9788μM SANGER
LU-135 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human LU-135 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=41.0418μM SANGER
NB10 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NB10 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=41.4859μM SANGER
NB7 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NB7 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=41.6004μM SANGER
RPMI-7951 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human RPMI-7951 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=41.6006μM SANGER
AU565 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human AU565 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=41.7522μM SANGER
HCE-4 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human HCE-4 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=42.548μM SANGER
BE-13 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human BE-13 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=42.5818μM SANGER
LCLC-103H Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human LCLC-103H cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=42.8462μM SANGER
NCI-H2126 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NCI-H2126 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=43.1561μM SANGER
PA-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human PA-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=43.7456μM SANGER
HSC-4 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human HSC-4 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=44.5506μM SANGER
DMS-79 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human DMS-79 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=45.7028μM SANGER
EKVX Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human EKVX cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=45.9377μM SANGER
NOS-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NOS-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=46.2764μM SANGER
U-118-MG Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human U-118-MG cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=46.3314μM SANGER
Daoy Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human Daoy cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=47.4651μM SANGER
SBC-1 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human SBC-1 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=47.5218μM SANGER
CAL-51 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human CAL-51 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=47.6001μM SANGER
NY Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NY cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=48.7628μM SANGER
BxPC-3 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human BxPC-3 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=48.8002μM SANGER
MOLT-16 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human MOLT-16 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=49.2304μM SANGER
NCI-H1155 Growth inhibition assay Inhibition of human NCI-H1155 cell growth in a cell viability assay, IC50=49.9855μM SANGER
Click to View More Cell Line Experimental Data

Chemical Information, Storage & Stability

Molecular Weight 300.4 Formula

C20H28O2

 Storage (From the date of receipt) 3 years -20°C(in the dark) powder
CAS No. 302-79-4 Download SDF Storage of Stock Solutions

Synonyms All-trans Retinoic Acid, ATRA, Vitamin A acid,NSC 122758 Smiles CC1=C(C(CCC1)(C)C)C=CC(=CC=CC(=CC(=O)O)C)C

Solubility

In vitro
Batch:

DMSO : 60 mg/mL (199.73 mM)
(Moisture-contaminated DMSO may reduce solubility. Use fresh, anhydrous DMSO.)

Ethanol : 7 mg/mL

Water : Insoluble

Molarity Calculator

Mass Concentration Volume Molecular Weight
Dilution Calculator Molecular Weight Calculator

In vivo
Batch:

In vivo Formulation Calculator (Clear solution)

Step 1: Enter information below (Recommended: An additional animal making an allowance for loss during the experiment)

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Step 2: Enter the in vivo formulation (This is only the calculator, not formulation. Please contact us first if there is no in vivo formulation at the solubility Section.)

% DMSO % % Tween 80 % ddH2O
%DMSO %

Calculation results:

Working concentration: mg/ml;

Method for preparing DMSO master liquid: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO ( Master liquid concentration mg/mL, Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug. )

Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next addμL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O, mix and clarify.

Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next add μL Corn oil, mix and clarify.

Note: 1. Please make sure the liquid is clear before adding the next solvent.
2. Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order. You must ensure that the solution obtained, in the previous addition, is a clear solution before proceeding to add the next solvent. Physical methods such as vortex, ultrasound or hot water bath can be used to aid dissolving.

Mechanism of Action

Targets/IC50/Ki
RAR
RXR
In vitro

Retinoic acid (Tretinoin, Vitamin A acid) prevents the cytotoxicity of H2O2 in cultured human mesangial cells by increasing both the catalase activity and the reduced glutathione content, which are dose- and time-dependent changes. Its incubation leads to increased levels of catalase mRNA and gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase (catalytic subunit) mRNA, the latter being the rate-limiting step in de novo reduced glutathione synthesis.

This compound also upregulates matrix metalloproteinase-13 and matrix metalloproteinase-8 in human keloid-derived fibroblasts.

In vivo

Retinoic acid (Tretinoin, Vitamin A acid) has been shown to reduce renal cortex protein content by 30% in treated old male Fischer 344 rats compared to controls, an effect potentially mediated through inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-beta1 and osteopontin expression.

It also prevents major steroid-induced biomechanical changes in hairless mouse dermal connective tissue that contribute to atrophy.

When combined with imiquimod, this compound leads to tattoo fading and moderate pigment clearance on histopathology in guinea pigs.

Additionally, it increases fibroblastic proliferation in skin incisions made in CD-1 mice, though collagen production is diminished.
References
  • [4] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11998793/
  • [5] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15793506/
  • [6] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34669465/
  • [7] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7706770/
  • [8] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27078158/
  • [9] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12963727/
  • [10] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1323127/

Clinical Trial Information

(data from https://clinicaltrials.gov, updated on 2024-05-22)

NCT Number Recruitment Conditions Sponsor/Collaborators Start Date Phases
NCT06097546 Not yet recruiting
Breast Cancer
Assiut University
 November 1 2023 --
NCT05832320 Recruiting
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia|Induction Therapy|Oral
Peking University People''s Hospital
 January 1 2023 Not Applicable
NCT05973084 Recruiting
SARS CoV 2 Infection|SARS CoV 2 Vaccination
Boston University|National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)|Malaria Alert Center Kamuzu University of Health Sciences|Burnet Institute
 January 17 2023 --

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