Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), also known as FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein (FRAP), is a 280 kDa serine/threonine kinase which plays a key role in regulating critical cellular processes such as growth, proliferation, cytoskeletal organization, transcription, protein synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis by integrating three major inputs-nutrients (amino acids), growth factors (insulin), and cellular energy status. [show the full text]
mTOR inhibitors/activators
| Cat.No. | Product Name | Information | Product Use Citations | Product Validations |
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| S1039 | Rapamycin (Sirolimus) | Rapamycin is a specific mTOR inhibitor with IC50 of ~0.1 nM in HEK293 cells. This compound binds to FKBP12 and specifically acts as an allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1. It is an Autophagy activator and an immunosuppressant. |
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| S1120 | RAD001 (Everolimus) | Everolimus is an mTOR inhibitor of FKBP12 with IC50 of 1.6-2.4 nM in a cell-free assay. Everolimus induces cell apoptosis and autophagy and inhibits tumor cells proliferation. |
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| S2827 | Torin 1 | Torin 1 is a potent inhibitor of mTORC1/2 with IC50 of 2 nM/10 nM in cell-free assays; exhibits 1000-fold selectivity for mTOR than PI3K. |
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| S2817 | Torin 2 | Torin 2 is a potent and selective mTOR inhibitor with IC50 of 0.25 nM in p53 / - MEFs cell line; 800-fold greater selectivity for mTOR than PI3K and improved pharmacokinetic properties. This compound inhibits ATM/ATR/DNA-PK with EC50 of 28 nM/35 nM/118 nM,in PC3 cell lines respectively. It decreases cell viability and induces autophagy and apoptosis. |
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| S2638 | NU7441 (KU-57788) | NU7441 (KU-57788) is a highly potent and selective DNA-PK inhibitor with IC50 of 14 nM. It also inhibits mTOR and PI3K with IC50 of 1.7 μM and 5 μM in cell-free assays, respectively, and reduces the frequency of NHEJ while increasing the rate of HDR following Cas9-mediated DNA cleavage. |
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| S9736 | ME-344 | ME-344 is a synthetic metabolite of NV-128, a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex I, disrupting ATP generation and oxygen consumption. It also inhibits mTOR by downregulating the AKT/mTOR pathway, exhibiting anticancer activity by inhibiting cell growth and viability in leukaemia cell lines with IC50 values of 70–260 nM. | ||
| S8163 | Paxalisib (GDC-0084) | Paxalisib (GDC-0084, RG7666) is a brain penetrant inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR with Kiapp values of 2 nM, 46 nM, 3 nM, 10 nM and 70 nM for PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kγ and mTOR. |
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| S1555 | AZD8055 | AZD8055 is a novel ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor with IC50 of 0.8 nM in MDA-MB-468 cells with excellent selectivity (∼1,000-fold) against PI3K isoforms and ATM/DNA-PK. This compound induces caspase-dependent apoptosis and also induces autophagy. Phase 1. |
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| S1022 | Ridaforolimus (Deforolimus, MK-8669) | Ridaforolimus (Deforolimus, MK-8669, AP23573) is a selective mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.2 nM in HT-1080 cell line; while not classified as a prodrug, mTOR inhibition and FKBP12 binding are similar to rapamycin. Phase 3. |
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| S2811 | Sapanisertib (MLN0128, INK-128) | Sapanisertib (MLN0128, INK 128, TAK-228) is a potent and selective mTOR inhibitor with IC50 of 1 nM in cell-free assays; >200-fold less potent to class I PI3K isoforms, superior in blocking mTORC1/2 and sensitive to pro-invasion genes (vs Rapamycin). Phase 1. |
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Mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR), also known as FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein (FRAP), is a 280 kDa serine/threonine kinase [1-3]. mTOR kinase activity could be promoted by various extra- and intracellular stimulus like trophic factors, mitogens, hormones, amino acids and cellular stress [4-8]. In response to increased availability of stimuli, mTOR modulates numerous of important cellular processes, e.g. protein translation and autophagy, by phosphorylating its downstream molecules [9]. mTOR is the nuclear catalytic subunit of two complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2 [1]. mTORC1 is comprised of mTOR, Raptor, mLST8, and PRAS40 (a mTOR inhibitor). This complex presented classic features of mTOR as a nutrient or energy sensor and protein synthesis conditioner [5, 10]. Low level of nutrient levels, growth factor and cellular stress inhibits the activity of mTORC1 [9, 10]. p70-S6 Kinase 1 (S6K1) and the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) are the best investigated targets of mTORC1 [5]. The activated mTORC1 showed a negative feedback inhibition on PI3K signaling [11]. mTORC1 could be specifically suppressed by rapamycin, as well as its allosteric ramifications. mTORC2 contains mTOR, Rictor, mLST8, and mSIN1 [12, 13]. Different from mTORC1, activated mTORC2 could induce the phosphorylation of Akt at serine 473 and serving as a positive feedback on PI3K signaling cascade [14]. Although mTORC2 was identified as a rapamycin-insensitive complex previously [14], an inhibition effect of rapamycin on free mTOR was observed in some cell lines [15]. Recent studies revealed that disordered activity of mTOR is related to some malignant and resistant cancer. The specific inhibitors, such as rapamycin and Temsirolimus(CCI-779), have been developed and trialed as novel anti-cancer agents [16, 17].
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